Abstract

Natural antioxidant nanoparticles have gained significant interest due to their potent antioxidative properties and potential biomedical applications. This review comprehensively examines the biochemical and histological alterations in the liver and kidneys of rats following treatment with various natural antioxidant nanoparticles. The study highlights that oral administration of these nanoparticles significantly influences liver enzyme activities (such as ALT, AST, ALP), oxidative stress markers (including SOD, catalase, GSH, and lipid peroxidation products like MDA), and renal function parameters (e.g., creatinine, urea, electrolytes). Histopathological assessments reveal dose-dependent changes in hepatic and renal tissues, including hepatocellular injury, cytoplasmic vacuolization, glomerular shrinkage, tubular dilation, and inflammatory infiltration. Notably, certain nanoparticles, such as silver-based ones, demonstrate protective effects against toxicity induced by other nanoparticles like gold or cerium oxide. The findings underscore the dual role of natural antioxidant nanoparticles, which can confer antioxidative benefits while potentially inducing organ damage at higher doses. Therefore, thorough toxicological evaluations and regulatory considerations are essential to ensure the safe clinical and commercial application of these nanomaterials.