Abstract

Large carnivores are vital for maintaining ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, yet their survival is increasingly threatened in human-dominated landscapes. As apex predators, they require extensive territories and intact prey bases, but expanding human populations, agricultural development, and infrastructure encroachment have intensified conflict and habitat fragmentation. This research paper synthesizes the major conservation challenges facing large carnivores in regions where human activities predominate, drawing on global and regional case studies. We examine the roots and patterns of human-carnivore conflict, socio-economic and cultural dimensions, ecological consequences, and the effectiveness of current mitigation and management strategies. The paper concludes with recommendations for fostering coexistence and ensuring the long-term persistence of large carnivores.